The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects: transportation and storage. Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing. The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products. Transportation can be by truck, rail-way, ship, or barge. For some items, such as exotic plants and flowers, or when rapid delivery is essential, air freight may be used.
Storage, or warehousing, is a necessary function because production and consumption of goods rarely match: items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made. Inventories build up, both in warehouses and at retail establishments, before the foods are sold. The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores.
Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price. If, for example, no agricultural product could be stored, all food would have to be put on the market immediately. This would, of course, create a glut and lower prices drastically. There would be an immediate benefit to consumers, but in the long run they would suffer. Farmers, because of low prices, would be forced off the land, and the amount of food produced would decrease. This, in turn, would raise consumer prices.
Warehouses for storage are of several types. Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses, in spite of their name, are privately owned facilities, but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership. General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety of products. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods, especially food products. Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling. A bonded warehouse is one that stores foods, frequently imported, on which taxes must be paid before they are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples.
The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse. Many large com- panics have several manufacturing plants, sometimes located outside the country. Each plant does not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them. The distribution center allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place. Its purpose is to minimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build up extensive inventories. It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover. Very large corporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based.
(10.0分)文章大意：
这篇文章讲产品实物分配中的两个环节，运输和储存，运输环节只在第一段和第二段最后一句略述，从第二段(除最后一句)到第五段详细讨论产品的储存问题。其中二、三段讨论存储的原因(生产与消费不同步)和作用(稳定市场价格)；第四段介绍仓库的类型；第五段讲新近发展起来的一种仓库——分配中心——的功能和特点。
答案解析：
主旨题。第一段第一句点明主题，产品的实物分配主要由运输和储存两方面构成。选项A太笼统，B、C均为某一段的重点，不能概括全文，故[D]正确。
文章大意：
文章第一段交代动物保护者的行为：他们通过描写或绘画展示受重伤动物的痛苦以博得同情，并说明动物确实能感到极大的精神和肉体的痛苦(anguish)。第二段是狩猎爱好者的观点：动物并不像人们想象的那样对痛苦非常敏感。第三段作者提出自己的观点：狩猎爱好者的辩解并不能令人满意，因为这些人只是猜测(conjecture) 动物的神经不如人敏感(delicate)。只要我们有权做(be entitled)，那么最人道的看法就是认为没有哪个动物会完全感觉不到(exempt from)痛苦，因此应该尽可能地避免给动物造成伤害，哪怕是最小的动物。
这是一篇议论文，先分别摆出两种对立的观点，后提出作者自己的观点：赞成动物保护者，并进行论证。
答案解析：
第一段第三句提到他们作画以揭示动物在被追赶时所遭受的肉体痛苦，同时还忍受着死亡逼近的精神痛苦，故选[A]。
文章大意：
这篇文章从定义、作用及产生过程几方面阐述了科学理论。科学理论是对观察到的相关事物的解释。经常包括一个想象的模式来帮助科学家想象事物的产生过 程。而一个实用的理论，不仅可以解释以往的观察，还可以帮助预测等待观察的事物。观察又可以验证一个理论是否正确。科学除了包括收集信息和做实验，还需要创造性的思考，然后形成可能的问题解决方法，即假设。假设总是朝着未知领域前进 一步，它拓宽了科学家的视野，经过验证后的假设就变成了理论。
答案解析：
第三句话中的代词“this'’指代前一句提到的“an imaginary model"。因为这个例子就是要说明在动力分子理论中，气体被描绘成由许多不停运动的小分子所组成，即前句中“理论常包含一个想象模式来帮助科学家描绘事件的产生过程。”
文章大意：
这篇文章一开始用著名哲学家梭罗引入“非暴力抵抗”这个概念。虽然这是一个古老的名词，但是它说明人们是想向梭罗表达敬意，因为“非暴力抵抗”一直是美国道德和政治的一个标志性的词语。在第二段中作者解释了什么行为是非暴力抵抗。首先，要求有由政府强制实施的正式法律体系。其次，这种行为针对的是某一个特定的法律或政策，而不是整个法律体系。第三，这种行为必须是公开的，因为它的有效性正是依靠激发民众的情绪。最后，抗议者必须理解他们的行为可能带来的惩罚，通常是坐牢，并且愿意接受这样的惩罚。
答案解析：
第一段第二句说明虽然这个概念由来已久，但是这种指示却能说明问题：人们是在赞扬梭罗，因为这个词一直是美国伦理和政治的标志性词语。
文章大意：
早期的欧洲移民来到美国后，虽然生活条件艰苦，但他们并没有放弃追求欢乐的想法。在这方面，城市和乡村的居民又有区别。在第二段和第三段中，作者主要讲述
了乡村居民的娱乐方式。由于居住地相隔较远，还有工作的压力，都使他们认为很有必要将娱乐和工作相结合。于是他们的娱乐活动多为狩猎和钓鱼等等。有时邻居们也会互相帮忙建造房屋和谷仓等等，之后聚餐饮酒共同庆祝。另外最使他们感到快乐的是乡村聚会，男女老少各自分工参与各项竞技活动，这是他们最好的放松。而在最后一段，作者使用过渡句转入对城市居民娱乐活动的描述。
答案解析：
全文主要讲述了乡村和城市的美国早期移民娱乐的方式。
为什么有些人可以同时做两份工